Examining the theoretical and empirical status of applied ethics, this volume demonstrates how a pluralistic and democratic society can deal with ethical issues in the light of its moral conscience.

RESUMENEn este artículo vamos a tratar la complejidad de la noción de cultura. La cultura ha sido tratada por muchos movimientos y por muchos pensadores. Nos centraremos en algunos de ellos y sobre todo en García Morente. La cultura es el ámbito en que se mueve todo y de modo especial el lenguaje; el marco ineludible y el mayor reto de la traducción.PALABRAS CLAVECULTURA – CIVILIZACION – TRADUCCION ABSTRACTThe complex notion of culture is the main subject of this article. (...) It has been studied by many movements and scholars, notably by García Morente, whose thesis on culture will be discussed. Everything, as well as language, in its own special way, comes under the scope of culture. Thus culture bound lexical items and concepts being the greatest challenge for the translator.KEYWORDSCULTURE – CIVILIZATION - TRANSLATION. (shrink)

Introducción: El dormir mal podría ser la causa de hipertensión arterial y de otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles.Objetivo: Conocer la calidad de sueño de las personas con hipertensión arterial.Metodología: Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, se aplico el cuestionario de Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh.Resultados: Se evaluó la calidad de sueño en 85 personas con hipertensión arterial, de abril a diciembre del 2021. El 84% tiene un índice de mala y muy mala calidad de sueño.Conclusión: Las personas con hipertensión (...) con mala y muy mala calidad de sueño puede afectar sus cifras de tensión arterial. (shrink)

This article brings together the history of the social sciences and the history of social thought in Socialist Romania. It is concerned with the development of ideas about the social beyond collectivism, especially about the relationship between individual and society under socialism, from the early 1960s to the end of the 1970s. The analysis speaks to three major themes in the current historiography of Cold War social science. First, the article investigates the role of disciplinary specialization in the advancement of (...) new ideas about the social in the postwar period. Specifically, it asks how the debate over the relationship between sociology and Marxism-Leninism has challenged ideas about collectivism from Stalinist social science. Second, the article shows how social practice, individual and collective agency, and people's subjectivities became theoretically relevant in the 1960s, and how they were integrated, via empirical sociological research, into the reworked conceptual apparatus of post-Stalinist Marxism-Leninism. This complicates accounts about the role of quantification and theorization in postwar social science by foregrounding the intense reflection on the role of empirical research in sociology under state socialism. Third, the article shows how the relationship between individual and society became a topic of interest across social sciences in the 1960s and 1970s. The Marxist humanist approach to the social, although it never achieved the institutional status of a distinct discipline, adds an important perspective from East Central Europe to the existing historiography of the ‘thinning’ of the social in social sciences and social thought beginning in the 1950s. (shrink)

La Neuroética necesita un marco de ética filosófica desde el que interpretar, integrar y criticar el progreso neurocientífico en el ámbito moral. Este artículo intenta: 1) Mostrar en qué medida este marco es necesario. 2) Abordar la cuestión del método adecuado para construirlo. 3) Compilar los principales tópoi de las neurociencias que el marco debería interpretar e integrar. 4) Mostrar cómo la ética del discurso puede ser un marco adecuado para la neuroética. 5) Señalar algunas insuficiencias de ese marco y (...) sugerir para superarlas una ética de la razón cordial. (shrink)

From 1989 through September 2017, Chile’s highly restrictive abortion laws exposed women to victimisation and needlessly threatened their health, freedom and even lives. However, after decades of unsuccessful attempts to decriminalise abortion, legislation regulating pregnancy termination on three grounds was recently enacted. In the aftermath, an aggressive conservative drive designed to turn conscientious objection into a pivotal new obstacle, mounted during the congressional debate, has led to extensive, complex arguments about the validity and legitimacy of conscientious objection. This article offers (...) a critical review of the emergence of conscientious objection and its likely policy and ethical implications. It posits the need to regulate conscientious objection through checks and balances designed to keep it from being turned into an ideological barrier meant to hinder women’s access to critical healthcare. (shrink)

New results have been obtained by dynamical systems theory which allow an ammendment of the narrow vision of mechanicism. Forms of behavior richer than the ones considered by classicalmechanicism can be exhibited by the new structures studied by system theory (feedback, reaction-diffusion, hierarchical structures, multiple timescales...). In this paper a critical presentation of these ideas is developed.

This article examines multinational banks’ approaches to corporate social responsibility in developing countries’ subsidiaries, particularly in Latin America. Building on in-depth case studies of two MNBs that are based in Europe and market leaders in Latin America, we analyze their CSR motivations and outcomes in host countries. We examine institutional environments by applying the national business system framework, and we suggest missing categories in its financial and educational dimensions. We theorize how institutional necessity determines MNBs' CSR in developing countries. Finally, (...) we examine the CSR outcomes in Latin America, where banks’ responsible conduct has led to major improvements in educational levels and financial inclusion. These improvements alleviate poverty and enhance both country's social wellbeing and MNBs’ legitimacy, leading to mutual prosperity. (shrink)

The Times Literary Supplement of November 8, 1917, contained, under the title of Socrates recognitns, a review of Plato's Biography of Socrates, a lecture delivered by Professor A. E. Taylor to the British Academy in the early part of last year. The opening sentence of the review is as follows: ‘Next to the problem of the Gospels ranks that of the Platonic dialogues amongst those most vital to the history of the human spirit.’ A little further down the reviewer says: (...) ‘It is much to the credit of British scholarship—and especially to that of the University of St. Andrews—that it should have attacked these problems with untiring energy, and propounded solutions which, although they run counter to most of the traditional tendencies of historical and philosophical criticism, have not only challenged attention, but are carrying conviction even to unlikely quarters.’ And again, at the end of the article, we read this passage: ‘It is scarcely to be thought that the ground won by the scholars of St. Andrews will be held without counter-attack; but this is slow to mature, and in the meanwhile such essays as the subject of this notice, with which we may couple the paper recently read to the British Academy by Professor Burnet on the Socratic doctrine of the soul, serve to buttress and consolidate the position.’. (shrink)

One of the essential tasks of bioethics in morally pluralistic societies consists of fostering a public use of reason in its field of competence. This is the fundamental thesis of the present work. To deal with it I will try to answer two crucial questions: What is moral pluralism and why does it demand fostering the use of public reason in moral issues in the sphere of bioethics and What are the laboratories of bioethics in a pluralistic society?

This article aims to revisit the second essay of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals, in order to show some aesthetic-theoretical assumptions present in his genealogical investigation on memory and suffering. Central to the purposes of this analysis is Homer’s role, more precisely, the artistic strategies and procedures of his poetics.

In this paper, we discuss how existentialism was criticized, disseminated, and gradually autochthonized in the main philosophical journals of Socialist Romania. We show that the early critique of existentialism was both a statement against contemporary bourgeois philosophy in general and a condemnation of the local philosophical production of the interwar period. In the 1950s, this kind of critique was attuned to the growing fame of several Romanian authors who had emigrated to the West (e.g., Emil Cioran, Mircea Eliade) and targeted (...) both past and contemporary irrationalism. Following a period of critique of existentialism without existentialists (i.e., without reference to individual authors), the 1960s discussions of existentialism were mainly driven by interest in a small number of existentialist authors. In particular, the evolution of Jean-Paul Sartre’s work and politics was analyzed as it straddled existentialism and Marxism. The 1970s saw the integration of selected existentialist concepts and themes, in an attempt to offer a Marxist alternative to existentialism in the form of philosophical anthropology. This led to a period of engagement with existentialists without existentialism across an increasing number of separate disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. In the 1980s, following the failure of Marxist philosophical anthropology and at the height of national communism, existentialism could also be autochthonized through the recovery of selected philosophers from the interwar period whose work had been previously criticized as irrationalist. (shrink)

While the question of whether selected-effects accounts of function or causal-role accounts of function provide the ‘true' functional analysis has given way to a general pluralistic consensus, Philip Kitcher has suggested that different functional accounts allow for unification. I argue that Kitcher's attempt to unify the two functional analyses fails because he adopts the environment-centered perspective on selection as a premise. The premise is undermined by the role niche construction is likely to play in the context of evolution. Moreover, I (...) raise the tentative suggestion that niche construction may threaten the applicability, or at least the relevance, of selected-effects ascriptions. *Received October 2009; revised May 2010. †To contact the author, please write to: Institut für Philosophie Fakultät für Philosophie und Bildungswissenschaft, Universität Wien, Universitätsstraße 7 1010 Wien, Austria; e-mail: Adela[email protected]. (shrink)

Workplaces around the world have experienced extraordinary changes to the composition of their workforces and the nature of work. Few studies have explored workers from multiple countries of birth, with multiple religious orientations, working together within a single country of residence. Building on and extending the Work Values Ethic (WVE) literature, we examine 1,382 responses from employees working in three manufacturing companies. Differences were found in the mean WVE scores of groups of respondents from 42 countries of birth. Their WVE (...) scores were strongly associated with their birth countries’ per capita Gross National Product (GNP), and the means of these scores did not change with variations in the respondents’ length of residence in a different country. These results have implications for developing cross-cultural management practices and for improving relationships with employees, with opportunities for increased commitment and, potentially, productivity. (shrink)

Dado que la bioética surge como reacción a la vulneración de la dignidad de las personas, se crearon comisiones para normar la experimentación con humanos. Considerar los límites de la investigación biomédica y la práctica rutinaria de la medicina precisan criterios de riesgo/beneficio en las investigaciones donde participan sujetos. ¿Qué principios responden a la dilemática situación de experimentar con humanos? ¿pueden estos principios fundamentar criterios normativos y regulatorios que valgan para la ética de la investigación? ¿Cuáles son los límites en (...) la práctica y la investigación? Como se verá, no existe prácticamente reglamentación específica para la investigación social más allá de la derivada por la investigación médica. Se describen, entonces, las raíces históricas y los fundamentos filosóficos de la ética de la investigación en función de mostrar sus límites y alcances metodológicos. (shrink)

Článek má za cíl ukázat podobnosti mezi Humovou a Madisonovou politickou filozofií v oblasti politiky náboženské tolerance. Humův kritický postoj k církvím a k náboženství je dnes v interpretační literatuře velmi známý. Často se však zapomíná na důsledky, které z tohoto postoje plynou pro jeho politickou filozofii. Hume se totiž na mnoha místech svého rozsáhlého filozofického díla (kam je třeba řadit i jeho Dějiny Anglie a mnohé eseje) zamýšlel nad otázkou, jak řídit stát nábožensky roztříštěný do církví a sekt. Podobně (...) se i jeden z nejvýznamnějších otců zakladatelů, James Madison, obával názorově roztříštěné společnosti; přičemž co do důvodů i řešení tohoto problému je patrná podobnost mezi jeho a Humovými myšlenkami. Hume i Madison shodně považovali za zdroj lidské tendence ke stranictví lidskou přirozenost a řešení této stranickosti spatřovali jednak v ustavení státu na co nejširším území, a jednak v co největší míře tolerance rozličných názorů i v náboženských otázkách. Oba argumentovali tím, že se v dějinách prakticky ukázalo jako nejúčinnější právě zavedení co nejširší náboženské tolerance. Kromě toho Madison používá stejné metafory a výrazy ve stejném kontextu jako Hume. Humův vliv na Madisona v otázce náboženské tolerance tak nelze při interpretaci intelektuálních zdrojů Jamese Madisona dále přehlížet. (shrink)

Článek má za cíl ukázat podobnosti mezi Humovou a Madisonovou politickou filozofií v oblasti politiky náboženské tolerance. Humův kritický postoj k církvím a k náboženství je dnes v interpretační literatuře velmi známý. Často se však zapomíná na důsledky, které z tohoto postoje plynou pro jeho politickou filozofii. Hume se totiž na mnoha místech svého rozsáhlého filozofického díla (kam je třeba řadit i jeho Dějiny Anglie a mnohé eseje) zamýšlel nad otázkou, jak řídit stát nábožensky roztříštěný do církví a sekt. Podobně (...) se i jeden z nejvýznamnějších otců zakladatelů, James Madison, obával názorově roztříštěné společnosti; přičemž co do důvodů i řešení tohoto problému je patrná podobnost mezi jeho a Humovými myšlenkami. Hume i Madison shodně považovali za zdroj lidské tendence ke stranictví lidskou přirozenost a řešení této stranickosti spatřovali jednak v ustavení státu na co nejširším území, a jednak v co největší míře tolerance rozličných názorů i v náboženských otázkách. Oba argumentovali tím, že se v dějinách prakticky ukázalo jako nejúčinnější právě zavedení co nejširší náboženské tolerance. Kromě toho Madison používá stejné metafory a výrazy ve stejném kontextu jako Hume. Humův vliv na Madisona v otázce náboženské tolerance tak nelze při interpretaci intelektuálních zdrojů Jamese Madisona dále přehlížet. (shrink)

Sin duda la revolución 4.0 es ya el mundo en el que vivimos y proporciona instrumentos muy valiosos para construir una sociedad que pueda servir mejor a los seres humanos y al cuidado de la naturaleza desde las nuevas posibilidades. Pero para emprender ese camino es preciso optar por una ética que reconozca que lleva la intersubjetividad entrañada en su seno, porque es consciente de que no somos individuos aislados, sino que devenimos personas desde el reconocimiento recíproco como interlocutores válidos, (...) como seres dotados de dignidad y no un simple precio, como quienes son carne de la misma carne y hueso del mismo hueso. Ésta sería una ética dialógica de la razón cordial. (shrink)

This book contends that when late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century writers sought to explain the origins of emotions, they often discovered that their feelings may not really have been their own. It explores the paradoxes of representing feelings in philosophy, aesthetic theory, gender ideology, literature, and popular sentimentality, and it argues that this period's obsession with sentimental, wayward emotion was inseparable from the dilemmas resulting from attempts to locate the origins of feelings in experience. The book shows how these epistemological (...) dilemmas became gendered by studying a series of extravagantly affective scenes in works by Hume, Wordsworth, Charlotte Smith, and Jane Austen. Making its argument through a provocative conjunction of texts that range across genres and genders and across the divide between the eighteenth century and Romanticism, Strange Fits of Passion rediscovers the relationship of empiricism to the culture of sentimentality, and the significance of emotion to Romanticism. (shrink)

Originally published during the early part of the twentieth century, the Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature were designed to provide concise introductions to a broad range of topics. They were written by experts for the general reader and combined a comprehensive approach to knowledge with an emphasis on accessibility. Plato: Moral and Political Ideals by Adela Marion Adam, first printed in 1913, deals with the main substance of Plato's philosophy of ethics and politics, set within the context of (...) his intellectual debt to Socrates. (shrink)

En s’appuyant sur les autobiographies de douze élèves « à problèmes », l’auteure interroge deux paradigmes de la psychanalyse contemporaine. Le paradigme archéologique, cherchant à découvrir le latent derrière le manifeste, se situe du côté d’une logique orientée vers le passé. A l’opposé, le paradigme transformatif, dont le but est de développer la « musculature psychique », vise l’ouverture à une pluralité de possibles résidant dans l’avenir. L’auteure montre l’intérêt de dialectiser ces deux approches, tant dans la clinique que dans (...) l’approche des productions culturelles, autobiographie comprise. Les enjeux éthiques découlant de l’intervention de l’analyste/interprète prennent une importante centrale. (shrink)

El poder que la Nueva Genética ha puesto en manos de los seres humanos requiere una ética desde la que sea posible tomar decisiones en cuestiones de manipulación genética. El trabajo se propone situar la ética de las biotecnologías en el conjunto de la bioética, señalar los distintos ámbitos de la Nueva Genética que plantean problemas éticos, reconociendo que cada uno de ellos requiere un tratamiento específico, esbozar un marco ético desde el que orientar las respuestas, un marco elaborado desde (...) la ética kantiana, el enfoque de las capacidades de Sen, la ética del discurso y el principio responsabilidad de Jonas, y abordar la cuestión tal vez más candente en el ámbito ético: si el poder de la manipulación genética exige poner de nuevo sobre el tapete la discusión sobre la naturaleza humana, como hacen, entre otros, Habermas y Fukuyama. (shrink)

If the question about the causes of the crises has generated a good deal of literature in Spain, the key issue in recent times has been how to create that tangible and intangible wealth that only companies can give. One of the proposals that specialists agree upon is to revitalise the business entrepreneurial spirit, presenting the entrepreneurs’ way of life as an attractive option, due to the good they produce and the social recognition they enjoy. Accepting the suggestions of the (...) so-called “narrative turn”, the article analyses the virtualities of business narratives in order to enhance the role of entrepreneurs. To this end, the article aims to cover three stages: narratives are necessary because they are brain-based, it is advisable to find out why entrepreneurs are not usually considered in Spain as the main characters of good narratives, good narratives, the ones that convince, are the ones that have the capacity to show the meaning of the entrepreneurial activity and the truth of what we have been doing. (shrink)

Durante algún tiempo el problema de la fundamentación de lo moral atrajo la atención de los éticos. Hoy en día, el «giro aplicado » sufrido por la filosofía afecta en primer término a la ética y le pide orientaciones, aunque mediatas como es propio de la filosofía, para organizar la vida en las distintas esferas de la vida social. Este cambio exige ante todo aclarar cuál debe ser el proceder de la ética aplicada , si existen principios comunes a sus (...) distintos ámbitos o constituyen reinos de taifas, cuáles son los principios, hábitos y valores que cada esfera exige para moralizarse, en el sentido de Ortega, qué métodos son adecuados para la toma de decisiones.Estas exigencias están ya en la calle y piden interdisciplinariedad. No intentar responder a ellas es reconocer, frente a la pretensión originaria, que a la filosofía no le importa la vida, no le importa sí los seres humanos viven bien. (shrink)